马林诺夫斯基(1884～1942)英国人类学家。功能学派创始人之一。生于波兰，卒于美国。1908年以全奥地利最优等成绩获得物理学和数学博士学位。后到莱比锡奥斯特瓦尔德理化实验室从事研究，受到德国心理学家W.冯特的影响。他在英国人类学家J.G.弗雷泽的《金枝》启发下，开始对人类学发生兴趣。 马林诺夫斯基在学术观点上对进化学派、传播学派和历史学派都持反对态度。他认为，物质器具和社会思想只有在具有满足人类的生物需要和社会需要时 ，才能存留和传播，若失去这种功能，便会在历史上消失。原始文化，例如宗教和巫术，对原始居民具有心理的和社会的需要，原始的氏族和部落机构，适应原始居民生活实际。因此他建议英国殖民当局采取保持原始居民机构的政策，通过原始居民的首领对原始居民实行长期统治。其著作还有《野蛮社会的犯罪和习俗》、《西北美拉尼西亚的野蛮人性生活》、《自由和文明》...(展开全部)

First 6 chapters include theory of fields and sufficient conditions for weak and strong extrema. Chapter 7 considers application of variation methods to systems with infinite degrees of freedom, and Chapter 8 deals with direct methods in the calculus of variations. Problems follow each chapter and the 2 appendices.

This textbook on the calculus of variations leads the reader from the basics to modern aspects of the theory. One-dimensional problems and the classical issues like Euler-Lagrange equations are treated, as are Noether's theorem, Hamilton-Jacobi theory, and in particular geodesic lines, thereby developing some important geometric and topological aspects. The basic ideas of optim...(展开全部)

First 6 chapters include theory of fields and sufficient conditions for weak and strong extrema. Chapter 7 considers application of variation methods to systems with infinite degrees of freedom, and Chapter 8 deals with direct methods in the calculus of variations. Problems follow each chapter and the 2 appendices.

Whatever your favourite tipple, when you pour yourself a drink, you have the past in a glass. You can likely find them all in your own kitchen — beer, wine, spirits, coffee, tea, cola. Line them up on the counter, and there you have it: thousands of years of human history in six drinks. Tom Standage opens a window onto the past in this tour of six beverages that remain essent...(展开全部)

In Sexual Hegemony Christopher Chitty traces the five-hundred year history of capitalist sexual relations by excavating the class dynamics of the bourgeoisie's attempts to regulate homosexuality. Tracking the politicization of male homosexuality in Renaissance Florence, Amsterdam, Paris, and London between the seventeenth and nineteenth centuries, as well as twentieth-century N...(展开全部)

In this major new study, the philosopher and cultural theorist Fredric Jameson offers a new reading of Hegel's foundational text "The Phenomenology of Spirit". In contrast to those who see The Phenomenology as a closed system ending with Absolute Spirit, Jameson's reading presents an open work in which Hegel has not yet reconstituted himself in terms of a systematic philosophy ...(展开全部)

In this major new study, philosopher and cultural theorist Fredric Jameson offers an innovative reading of a book that forms part of the bedrock of modern Western thought: Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit. Whereas other writers have interpreted the Phenomenology as a rigidly closed system, Jameson discovers it to be a more fluid, open-ended work. Hegel's mind is revealed to be a...(展开全部)